Simply put, a conditioned stimulus makes an organism react to something because it is associated with something else. Stimulus Discrimination is when we learn to respond only to the original stimulus, and not to other similar stimuli. The concept of Stimulus Discrimination follows from the idea of Stimulus Generalization, which is when we respond not only to the original stimulus, but also to other similar stimuli.
An instance of stimulus discrimination is if a child swears on the playground. The other children would be reinforcing which makes them an SD. When a discriminative stimulus influences a behaviour, that behaviour: is said to be under stimulus control.
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Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Beck, H. Finding little Albert: A journey to John B. American Psychologist, ;64 7 : Fridlund, A. How did Watson and Rayner conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats? What animal did little Albert became afraid of?
What was the unconditioned stimulus in the case of Little Albert quizlet? What was Little Albert scared of? Why was Little Albert chosen? What happened to Little Albert Watson?
Did Little Albert died because of the experiment? What is the little Peter experiment? Who created Counterconditioning? What does systematic desensitization mean? How does classical conditioning work in the real world? You keep her food in a separate cabinet, and you also have a special electric can opener that you use only to open cans of cat food.
What do you think Tiger does when she hears the electric can opener? She will likely get excited and run to where you are preparing her food. This is an example of classical conditioning. This means you are using the conditioned stimulus of the can opener to condition another stimulus: the squeaky cabinet [link]. It is hard to achieve anything above second-order conditioning.
Kate and her husband Scott recently vacationed in the Cayman Islands, and booked a boat tour to Stingray City, where they could feed and swim with the southern stingrays. The boat captain explained how the normally solitary stingrays have become accustomed to interacting with humans.
About 40 years ago, fishermen began to clean fish and conch unconditioned stimulus at a particular sandbar near a barrier reef, and large numbers of stingrays would swim in to eat unconditioned response what the fishermen threw into the water; this continued for years. By the late s, word of the large group of stingrays spread among scuba divers, who then started feeding them by hand.
When they hear the sound of a boat engine neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus , they know that they will get to eat conditioned response. As soon as Kate and Scott reached Stingray City, over two dozen stingrays surrounded their tour boat. The swarm of stingrays bumped and rubbed up against their legs like hungry cats [link]. Kate and Scott were able to feed, pet, and even kiss for luck these amazing creatures.
Then all the squid was gone, and so were the stingrays. Classical conditioning also applies to humans, even babies. For example, Sara buys formula in blue canisters for her six-month-old daughter, Angelina. Whenever Sara takes out a formula container, Angelina gets excited, tries to reach toward the food, and most likely salivates. Why does Angelina get excited when she sees the formula canister?
So far, all of the examples have involved food, but classical conditioning extends beyond the basic need to be fed. Consider our earlier example of a dog whose owners install an invisible electric dog fence. A small electrical shock unconditioned stimulus elicits discomfort unconditioned response. When the unconditioned stimulus shock is paired with a neutral stimulus the edge of a yard , the dog associates the discomfort unconditioned response with the edge of the yard conditioned stimulus and stays within the set boundaries.
In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as acquisition , when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During acquisition, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response, and eventually the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself. Timing is important for conditioning to occur. Typically, there should only be a brief interval between presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
Depending on what is being conditioned, sometimes this interval is as little as five seconds Chance, However, with other types of conditioning, the interval can be up to several hours. Taste aversion is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus something ingested and the unconditioned stimulus nausea or illness.
Between classes, you and a friend grab a quick lunch from a food cart on campus. You share a dish of chicken curry and head off to your next class. A few hours later, you feel nauseous and become ill.
How does this occur—conditioning based on a single instance and involving an extended time lapse between the event and the negative stimulus? Not only may this contribute to species survival via natural selection, but it may also help us develop strategies for challenges such as helping cancer patients through the nausea induced by certain treatments Holmes, ; Jacobsen et al.
Once we have established the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus, how do we break that connection and get the dog, cat, or child to stop responding?
Now, Tiger would hear the can opener, but she would not get food. In classical conditioning terms, you would be giving the conditioned stimulus, but not the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov explored this scenario in his experiments with dogs: sounding the tone without giving the dogs the meat powder.
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