Where is bifidus found

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Coping with gastrointestinal stress factors. Impact of low pH on the physiology of bifidobacteria. Bile adaptation and response mechanisms. Other intestinal factors affecting bifidobacterial viability: enzymes and antimicrobial peptides. Adhesion and intestinal colonization mechanisms: key players. Exploitation of metabolic resources typical from the human gut.

Factors involved in the colonization and survival of bifidobacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Oxford Academic.

Lorena Ruiz. Miguel Gueimonde. Abelardo Margolles. Revision received:. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Open in new tab Download slide. It shows immunomodulatory activity Guglielmetti et al. Open in new tab. Specie Enzyme Potential substrate References B. Characterization and in vitro properties of potentially probiotic Bifidobacterium strains isolated from breast-milk.

Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Physiology of consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by infant gut-associated bifidobacteria. Bifidobacterial enolase, a cell surface receptor for human plasminogen involved in the interaction with the host. DnaK from Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Beneficial effect of auto-aggregating Lactobacillus crispatus on experimentally induced colitis in mice. Methods for direct selection of potentially probiotic Bifidobacterium strains from human feces based on their acid-adaptation ability.

Barcoded pyrosequencing reveals that consumption of galactooligosaccharides results in a highly specific bifidogenic response in humans. Adhesion of bile-adapted Bifidobacterium strains to the HTMTX cell line is modified after sequential gastrointestinal challenge simulated in vitro using human gastric and duodenal juices. In vitro kinetics of prebiotic inulin-type fructan fermentation by butyrate-producing colon bacteria: implementation of online gas chromatography for quantitative analysis of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas production.

Bifidobacterial surface-exopolysaccharide facilitates commensal-host interaction through immune modulation and pathogen protection. Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Improved adhesive properties of recombinant bifidobacteria expressing the Bifidobacterium bifidum -specific lipoprotein BopA. Differential transcriptional response of Bifidobacterium longum to human milk, formula milk, and galactooligosaccharide.

Role of extracellular transaldolase from Bifidobacterium bifidum in mucin adhesion and aggregation. Expression of four beta-galactosidases from Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB and their contribution on the hydrolysis and synthesis of galactooligosaccharides. Competitive exclusion of enteropathogens from human intestinal mucus by Bifidobacterium strains with acquired resistance to bile — a preliminary study. Bile-inducible efflux transporter from Bifidobacterium longum NCC, conferring bile resistance.

Implication of an outer surface lipoprotein in adhesion of Bifidobacterium bifidum to Caco-2 cells. Hydrolysis of oligofructoses by the recombinant beta-fructofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium lactis.

Effect of yoghurt containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 on faecal excretion of secretory immunoglobulin A and human beta-defensin 2 in healthy adult volunteers. Novel bifidobacterial glycosidases acting on sugar chains of mucin glycoproteins. An exo-alpha-sialidase from bifidobacteria involved in the degradation of sialyloligosaccharides in human milk and intestinal glycoconjugates. Proteomics analysis of Bifidobacterium longum NCC growing on glucose, fructose, mannose, xylose, ribose, and galactose.

Purification and functional characterization of a novel alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium longum B In vitro assessment of the gastrointestinal transit tolerance of taxonomic reference strains from human origin and probiotic product isolates of Bifidobacterium. O'Connell Motherway. Functional genome analysis of Bifidobacterium breve UCC reveals type IVb tight adherence Tad pili as an essential and conserved host-colonization factor. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing.

Expression and secretion of Bifidobacterium adolescentis amylase by Bifidobacterium longum. Evaluation of the passage of Lactobacillus gasseri K7 and bifidobacteria from the stomach to intestines using a single reactor model. Mucin degradation by Bifidobacterium strains isolated from the human intestinal microbiota. Bile affects the synthesis of exopolysaccharides by Bifidobacterium animalis. The cell-envelope proteome of Bifidobacterium longu m in an in vitro bile environment.

Discovering novel bile protection systems in Bifidobacterium breve UCC through functional genomics. Extracellular proteins secreted by probiotic bacteria as mediators of effects that promote mucosa-bacteria interactions. As a consequence this also blocks the replication of the pORIderivative. Selection on antibiotic results in the integration of the pORIderivative into the B. This temperature-sensitive plasmid approach was also used to create insertion mutants in B.

This method was applied to create an insertion mutant in the strain B. Schematic representation of insertion mutagenesis using a temperature sensitive plasmid.

The targeted gene is indicated by the text apuB in the open gray box and the antibiotic resistance gene is indicated as a blue box with the letters AR. The black arrow represents the replication gene repA and the red-cross indicates a gene that is non-functional.

Step 1 illustrates the introduction of a the plasmid pTGB into B. Step 2 illustrates a shift in temperature resulting in the blocked replication of pTGB and pORIapuB as a consequence of a non-functional repA gene.

Finally in Step 3 , presence of antibiotic selects for integration of pORIderivatives into the desired site on the B. A recent study has described the creation of a mutant library in B. This approach involved the construction of a tetracycline-resistant Tn5 transposon and preparation of a transposome complex that was subsequently introduced into B. The benefit of this method is that it can be used for high-throughput screening in order to identify genes that are fundamental for a given phenotype Judson and Mekalanos, However, similarly to targeted insertion mutant systems, high transformation efficiencies are crucial for this system to be effective Ruiz et al.

Conjugation can also be used by bacteria to transfer genetic material, as was first described in E. Conjugation-based techniques have been widely described for Gram-negative bacteria, though less so for Gram-positive bacteria Schroder and Lanka, Currently, transformation by electroporation is the most popular method used to genetically manipulate bifidobacteria. Shortfalls maybe overcome by the use of a conjugation-based approach as it holds a number of advantages over transformation Dominguez and O'Sullivan, Secondly, the presence of R-M systems is not an issue for conjugative methods as during conjugation DNA is transferred as a single strand from donor to recipient, in which form it is insensitive to most R-M systems Dominguez and O'Sullivan, The first, though unsuccessful, attempt at conjugative transfer in bifidobacteria was reported in Shkoporov et al.

A recent publication describes a conjugative gene transfer method and the first successful transfer of DNA between E. Based on the RP4 conjugative machinery of E. This plasmid was transformed into E.

The recent sequencing of the B. Analysis of the plasmid sequence led to the identification of genes that are predicted to encode conjugative machinery. The functionality of the conjugative mechanism was demonstrated by the successful transfer of pMP from B. The recent development of conjugation-based gene transfer systems and the discovery of the first native conjugative bifidobacterial plasmid is quite significant Dominguez and O'Sullivan, ; Bottacini et al.

Insertion mutagenesis has proven to be a fundamental tool in the development of functional genomics in bifidobacteria. Two studies in particular demonstrate how the use of insertion mutagenesis can reveal how candidates genes are involved in the beneficial effects conferred to the host by bifidobacteria Fukiya et al. In the first example, Fukuda et al. Early observations highlighted that germ-free mice pre-colonized with B.

Comparative genomic analysis performed between protective B. Due to the consequently lower levels of acetate produced, the mutant strain was unable to protect mice from EHEC OH7 infection, whereas when the non-protective B. The second example of a functional microbe-host interaction study is the identification of candidate genes directly responsible for the colonization of B. Genome and in vivo transcriptome analyses of B.

As well as investigating candidate genes directly involved in host-microbe interactions, insertion mutagenesis has also been exploited in functional genomic studies investigating the physiological characteristics of bifidobacteria, such as carbohydrate metabolism O'Connell Motherway et al. It is well established that bifidobacteria confer positive health benefits to their host via their metabolic activities. The availability of complete bifidobacterial genomes and corresponding comparative analysis allows for the identification of mechanisms underlying bifidobacterial metabolic activity.

Carbohydrate utilization studies and identification of metabolic pathways also provides fundamental information allowing for the identification of novel and effective prebiotic compounds.

Plant-derived and host derived carbohydrates have been shown to stimulate the growth of some bifidobacterial species. To identify and obtain full knowledge of the genes implicated in carbohydrate degradation and utilization, characterization and mutagenesis of candidate genes is required.

However, bifidobacteria are notoriously recalcitrant to genetic modification. It is therefore essential that future studies continue to address the shortage of effective molecular tools. The development of these tools is essential to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms that explain how bifidobacteria interact with their human host.

All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

AO was supported by an enterprise partnership scheme of the Irish Research Council. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Microbiol v. Front Microbiol. Published online Jun Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This article was submitted to Microbial Symbioses, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.

Received Apr 25; Accepted May The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are among the first microbes to colonize the human gastrointestinal tract and are believed to exert positive health benefits on their host.

Keywords: Bifidobacterium , carbohydrate metabolism, genetic modification, probiotics, microbe-host interaction. Introduction The past 20 years has seen a research focus on those members of the gut microbiota that exhibit health-promoting or probiotic effects such as protection of the host against pathogens by competitive exclusion Bernet et al. General features of bifidobacterial genomes Since the publication of the first bifidobacterial genome in , there has been a steady increase in the number of publicly available bifidobacterial genome sequences Lee et al.

Table 1 Summary of all completely sequenced bifidobacterial genomes. Open in a separate window. Impact on health and disease A diverse microbial community has evolved to adapt and survive in the human GIT and is commonly referred to as the gut microbiota Guarner and Malagelada, Bifidobacteria and diarrhoea The use of bifidobacteria to treat various gastrointestinal disorders has also been reported.

Bifidobacteria and necrotizing entercolitis A recent study reported lower incidences of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates following routine administration of B. Bifidobacteria and inflammatory bowel disease Although, the exact mechanism of action is not understood, reduction in the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease following treatment by probiotic strains has been reported Venturi et al. Bifidobacteria and colon regularity A number of studies have reported improvements in colon regularity following ingestion of fermented milk products that contain B.

Bifidobacteria and competitive exclusion Bifidobacteria have also been reported to prevent gastrointestinal infections by competitive exclusion of pathogens based on common binding sites on epithelial cells Duffy et al. Bifidobacteria and functional foods The inclusion of micro-organisms in the human diet has been on-going for thousands of years Leahy et al. Bifidobacterial carbohydrate metabolism The human genome is predicted to encode just eight glycosyl hydrolases GHs that are directly linked to carbohydrate digestion.

Figure 1. Bifidobacterial glycosyl hydrolases Carbohydrates can be modified by a range of different enzymes including hexosyl- and phosphotransferases, hydrolases and isomerizes Pokusaeva et al.

Table 2 Bifidobacterial glycosyl hydrolases. Carbohydrate cross-feeding by bifidobacteria Several recent studies have investigated the impact on the gut microbiome by bifidobacterial cross-feeding of carbohydrates. Control of bifidobacterial carbohydrate metabolism Carbon catabolite repression CCR is a regulatory system present in many bacteria in which the expression or activity of proteins involved in the utilization or uptake of available carbon sources is inhibited by the presence of a preferred carbon source Postma et al.

Biotechnology of bifidobacteria Research into bifidobacterial metabolism has led to the prebiotic concept which in turn confers health benefits to the human host by stimulating the metabolism and activity of bifidobacteria in the GIT Hijova et al. Bifidobacterial mutagenesis strategies There are a small number of reports on targeted gene inactivation in bifidobacteria, although in recent years a number of techniques have been developed resulting the successful inactivation of genes in bifidobacteria.

Figure 2. Table 3 Summary of bifidobacterial mutagenesis strategies. Double-crossover and double-crossover markerless gene deletion Double-crossover gene disruption was first demonstrated in B. Homologous recombination mediated by a temperature sensitive plasmid The temperature sensitive Ts plasmid strategy has been applied successfully to various microorganisms in order to create gene knock-outs Hamilton et al.

Figure 3. Transposons for mutagenesis in bifidobacteria A recent study has described the creation of a mutant library in B. Conjugation in bifidobacteria Conjugation can also be used by bacteria to transfer genetic material, as was first described in E.

Microbe-host interactions Insertion mutagenesis has proven to be a fundamental tool in the development of functional genomics in bifidobacteria. Conclusion It is well established that bifidobacteria confer positive health benefits to their host via their metabolic activities. Author contributions All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Amaretti A.

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Possible Side Effects. Dosage and Preparation. What to Look For. Common Questions. Commonly Known As B. Bifidum B. Breve B. Infantis B. Longum Bifido Bifidobacterium longum Bifidus Probiotic. Can Probiotics Help With Eczema? Characteristics of an Effective Probiotic In order for a probiotic to be effective, it must fulfill several conditions: It must not be toxic or pathogenic.

It must retain characteristics that have been proven beneficial to the host the person who is using it. It must contain a sufficiently large number of viable microorganisms per unit. It must be capable of growing and surviving the manufacturing process as well as transit through the stomach and small intestine. It must remain alive viable during storage and use.

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